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ALASKA
introduction
The history of Alaska dates back to the Upper Paleolithic period (around 12,000 BC), when Asiatic groups crossed the Bering land bridge into what is now western Alaska. At the time of European contact by the Russian explorers, the area was populated by Alaska Native groups. The name "Alaska" derives from the Aleut word Alaxsxaq, (an archaic spelling being Alyeska), meaning "mainland" (literally, "the object toward which the action of the sea is directed").
In the 1890s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was granted territorial status in 1912.
In 1942, two of the outer Aleutian Islands — Attu and Kiska — were occupied by the Japanese and their recovery for the U. S. became a matter of national pride. The construction of military bases contributed to the population growth of some Alaskan cities.
Alaska was granted statehood on January 3, 1959.
In 1964, the massive "Good Friday Earthquake" killed 131 people and leveled several villages.
The 1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay and the 1977 completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline led to an oil boom. In 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef in the Prince William Sound, spilling between 11 and 35 million US gallons (42,000 and 130,000 m³) of crude oil over 1,100 miles (1,600 km) of coastline. Today, the battle between philosophies of development and conservation is seen in the contentious debate over oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
JYNEAU- the state capital"
Not the most accessible capital" as Americans name this city, Juneau is located in the south of Alaska, between passage Gastine-Chennel (Alexander archipelago) and slopes of a ridge of Baundari. Really is a unique capital of staff to which any road - the inconceivable phenomenon on the American concepts doesn't approach. The city based in the middle of a XIX-th century at first was called Harrisburg, then - as Rokuell, and only in 1881 the miners making the majority of local population, have officially chosen the modern name in honor of gold digger Joe Dzhuno. After Sitka (old capital of staff) has lost the value in view of the termination of whaling and reduction of trade by furs, Juneau became new capital of Alaska (1906) That, however, hasn't brought to it riches - neighboring mines quickly grew scanty, and the city has almost become empty. In 1974 inhabitants of Alaska even wanted to transfer capital to Anchorage (more truly - in its suburb Uillou), however have decided that the finance required for such "moving" doesn't stand the received benefit, and Juneau has kept the status.
Juneau which quite often name and "northern San Francisco", is considered one of the most picturesque cities of the USA that, in general, and it is no wonder. From a land its panorama is underlined by snow peaks of Maunt-Dzhuno (1090) and Maunt-Roberts, and from the West the dark blue strip of passage Gastine-Chennel between which this strange settlement which is considered and one of greatest in the country (a square of the city about 8030 sq. km has gone in), and one of the most sparsely populated (all 31 thousand person here lives) lasts. One more poetic epithet often applied to this city - "Gate of glaciers". And it is valid - on all east the whole train of mountain tops and the valleys covered with glaciers, most known of which - Mendenholl lasts - lies all in 21 km from the city center. In city center the fine historical area with set of buildings the beginning 1900, Sacred Nikolay's well-known orthodox church (1894) was stretched In tens bars, shops and restaurants. Juneau-Douglas-city-Mjuzeum is located in an old building of Memorial library (1951) and contains the big collection of works of local artists, an exposition on stories of gold mining and other exhibitions on a local history and culture. Also located in the city center, the Museum of Alaska not only has a good historical collection (including on Russian period in the history of staff), but also the separate exhibitions devoted to all four ethnic groups of aboriginals - the athabascan, to Aleuts, and to coast tribes, and also children's department with exhibitions on stories of natural sciences and even a collection of full dresses of all epoch.
Glacier of Mendenholl:
The glacier of Mendenholl has reached the highest point in the middle of 1700, the forward part was almost on 4 kilometers further from that place where it is for today. The glacier has started to recede in the middle of 1700 as speed of thawing has started to exceed quantity of annual deposits. The forward part of a glacier breaks away icebergs in the lake Mendenholl which depth makes 67 m. Ice recedes with a speed from 30 to 46 meters a year. If such tendency is will remain, in some centuries the glacier completely will disappear.
The glacier basis operates like an enormous piece of an emery paper. On a course of the movement, the huge ice rivers removed and dragged behind itself boulders and fragments of rocks. These stones left traces on a surface of rock in the form of furrows and strips. Force of erosion of a glacier changed a district landscape. Stones, boulders, the fragments of rocks broken from rock, created a dark line of fragments on the center and the glacier edges, named a moraine. On a course of the further movement, the glacier mills rock in a powder. It gets together with waters of a thawing glacier to lake Mendenholl, giving it rather turbid color. When the glacier recedes, it leaves after itself(himself) traces of the advancement. When ice thaws and forms icebergs, together with them the glacier dumps boulders which it dragged together with itself(himself). It is possible to see these huge stones near the building of the center constructed in 1963 for the help to tourists.
VACATION SPOT:
National park Katmai
Mounting skiing resort of Alieska Rezort and so on...
Climate
Alaska - the staff of the country most unusual on an environment. For visiting of this territory it is conditionally possible to consider as the best period summer when on all part of staff air gets warm to +18-22°С (in the north - to +2-6°С). However even at this time temperatures bringing fall (sometimes to +2°С) or the long rainy periods are frequent cold Arctic a wind. In the winter here reign a cold and penetrating a wind - the temperature in northern areas quite often falls to a mark in-45-50°S, in the south is slightly warmer (on the average-2-16°S in flat areas and to-18-24°S in mountains), but also strong colds are possible.
Area Juneau and southern coast of Pacific ocean: a damp climate; soft winter (temperature nearby 0) and cool summer (+10-15С). In Juneau drops out to 1270 mm of deposits in the summer.
STAFF HISTORY OF THE STATE OF ALASKA
The first inhabitants
According to scientists, Alaska has been open by the Siberian hunters - primogenitors of the majority of native American Indians who in the Glacial age migrated on the north in search of mammoths - the basic animal on whom people of the Stone Age hunted.
Ancient people migrated on the American continent through Bering strait which showed in those days the 1600-kilometer ice natural bridge between two continents. When the climate has changed, and there has come warming, ice has thawed, and the water level of world ocean has risen, having flooded this bridge and having divided Siberia and Alaska Bering sea.
Excavation of researchers and scientists in territory of Alaska have opened to us the interesting facts: subjects from use of the person which were applied in its economy 12 thousand years ago - that is some centuries prior to the Glacial age termination have been found. Apparently, primogenitors of the Eskimo nation have appeared for 6 millenia of years B.C.
The Russian expeditions
In 1654 Fedot Alexey's Russian merchant has gone from the east of the Siberian peninsula Kolyma on the river Pogicha with the expedition, wishing to find the earths rich with gold, a fur animal and the walruses which bone was very much appreciated. Simeon Ivanovich Dezhnev has gone to this campaign together with it - as the representative of the power invested with authority of an establishment of the duty on trade with local population. On this travel Dezhnev was the first researcher who has opened sea pass from coast of Arctic regions to ocean.
Now this sea way is named Bering strait as the report of Dezhneva on opening of passage and hasn't reached the government. Correcting Russia at that time tsar Peter the Great and hasn't learned that Siberia closely adjoins to North American continent. However, shortly before the death, Peter the Great has sent to investigate sea coast of Siberia of captain Vitus Bering - the Danish navigator who was on the Russian service.
PURCHASE OF ALASKA
Peter has sent Bering to expedition on purpose to study and describe northeast coast of Siberia. In 1728 Bering's expedition had been again opened passage which was seen for the first time by Simeon Dezhnev. However, because of a fog Bering didn't manage to consider on horizon of an outline of North American continent.
In 1843 the secretary of the government of the USA William Marsi and senator William Gvin they are adherents of a policy of expansion - have addressed to the Russian ambassador in the USA - to baron Edward Stoklu- with a loaded question: whether "Truth, what Russia exposes on sale the colony Alaska?" Stokl has answered "Certainly, no!" - however this question has intrigued it.
In 1844 the patent of the Russian-American company for exclusive trade has been prolonged for 20 years. The company tried to get profit from new sources: coal mining; whaling and even to export ice to San Francisco. However, all these adventures were non-profitable.
Sale of Alaska has taken place in 1867, after short time after there was a popular term «Russian America». The Russian possession in America were, as a matter of fact, not state ownership, and the property of the companies — at first several private Russian, and then, since 1799, Russian-American... Any certificate about joining of these possession at Russia wasn't are there were possession of the Russian citizens.
The such property was an everyday occurrence in XVIII — XIX centuries (the East Indian company, the company of Hudson bay and etc.). No wonder that at first the fort of Ross, and then and other possession of Russian have been conceded in America. The transaction of patrons the CANCER — the government and the emperor — with America as a matter of fact has taken place.
Thus, Russia has as though got rid first of all of the company unprofitable and constantly disturbing by its problems. And still — the CANCER it was weighed upon consciousness of that dividends aren't present also they aren't expected. One debts. As at this time on development of the new earths in Primorski Krai large investments were required.
The contract on a concession of the North American colonies to the United States for 7 million 200 thousand dollars gold has been made by Russia in Washington on March, 18th, 1867. Sjuarda had some difficulties with reception of the consent of the government on such grandiose for those times purchase. But it has got support of many Congressmen and, at last, the Senate has approved purchase, having made of this decision voting 37 pro to 2 contra. Some newspapers named this purchase by madness, and Sjuarda - to madwomen, but, under the pressure of the official press, the public of the USA has supported purchase of Alaska
Gold-rush
In 1896 there was openly large gold deposit Klondike to th Canadian territory of the river Yukon and soon people have from every corner of the globe directed in the north of America. Alaska and consequently in its territory societies and the companies specializing on needs of mining business quickly developed was collars of Klondike. Klondike has disappointed many miners, and they have returned to Alaska. In 1898 four miners have found gold on peninsula Sjuarda, around a stream of Envil Shout. Immediately in this area the Mining District Nome has been organized. And to summer of 1900 Nome already was the present "tent small town" in which lived and worked 20 thousand the miners washing gold in its vicinities.
Following large opening of gold deposits has occurred in a valley Tanana. Working out in this district - Fejrbenks has been based in 1902 Other opening in this valley have made Fejrbenks the center of Alaska.
District judge James Vikershem has transferred the headquarters to Fejrbenks and to these the example has set other enforcement authorities and has served as the guarantor of economic stability of a city. In Fejrbenkse schools, churches and hospital have been constructed. In 1905 in it already lived 5 thousand inhabitants.
Miners continued to find new gold sources and on Alaska new cities grew. In the north of the Arctic belt gold has been found in vicinities of the rivers Chandalar and Kojukuk. The deposit was opened by two local residents Koldfut and Vajsmen. And around the rivers Kuskokwims and Innoko miners had been based settlements Iditerod, by Makgres, Bezel, Flet and Ofir.
Natural monuments
Rivers: Yukon, Copper, Colville
Lakes: Bacharova, Shelihova
Mountains: Alaska range, Ridge of the Brooks, Volcano of Shishaldina, Mountains Vrangelja, Poppy-kinli (mountain), Mount Saint Elias, Sacred Ilya's ridge
Alaska adopted the flag for official state use in 1959. The blue field represents the sky, the sea, and mountain lakes, as well as Alaska's wildflowers. Emblazoned on the flag are eight gold stars: seven from the constellation Ursa Major, or the Big Dipper. The eighth being the North Star, representing the northern most state. Alaska's flag was designed in 1926 by a 13-year-old Native American boy, Bennie Benson, from the village of Chignik. Bennie received a 1,000-dollar scholarship and a watch for his winning entry in the flag design contest
Symbols of the State of Alaska
Forget-me-not - a symbol of the State of Alaska
Bird of the State of Alaska - a white partridge (Lagopus lagopus)
Flower of the State of Alaska - a forget-me-not (Myosotis)
Tree of the State of Alaska - a fur-tree (Picea sitchensis)
Animal of the State of Alaska - an elk (Alces alces), the Greenland whale (Balaena mysticetus)
Fish of the State of Alaska - чавыча (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, a royal salmon)
Mineral of the State of Alaska - gold
Jewel of the State of Alaska - a nephrite
